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Nouns are described as words that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, quantity, etc. Nouns are frequently defined, particularly in informal contexts, in terms of their semantic properties (their meanings). Such definitions tend to be language-specific, since nouns do not have the same categories in all languages. Nouns have sometimes been defined in terms of the grammatical categories to which they are subject (classed by gender, inflected for case and number). *terrible afraid (the adjective afraid cannot co-occur with the adjective terrible).terrible fright (the noun fright can co-occur with the adjective terrible).*an afraid ( afraid is an adjective: cannot co-occur with the article a).a fright ( fright is a noun: can co-occur with the indefinite article a).*constant circulate ( circulate is a verb: cannot co-occur with the attributive adjective constant).constant circulation ( circulation is a noun: can co-occur with the attributive adjective constant).*the baptise ( baptise is a verb: cannot co-occur with a definite article).the name ( name is a noun: can co-occur with a definite article the).In the following, an asterisk (*) in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical. Revel the night, rob, murder, and commit/The oldest sins the newest kind of ways? Henry IV Part 2, act 4 scene 5.Ī noun can co-occur with an article or an attributive adjective.Plato was an influential philosopher in ancient Greece.Please hand in your assignments by the end of the week.
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For example, the noun knee can be said to be used substantively in my knee hurts, but attributively in the patient needed knee replacement. It can also be used as a counterpart to attributive when distinguishing between a noun being used as the head (main word) of a noun phrase and a noun being used as a noun adjunct. In English, some modern authors use the word substantive to refer to a class that includes both nouns (single words) and noun phrases (multiword units, also called noun equivalents). instead of n., which may be used for proper nouns or neuter nouns instead. Nouns in the dictionaries of such languages are demarked by the abbreviation s. Many European languages use a cognate of the word substantive as the basic term for noun (for example, Spanish sustantivo, "noun"). (The word nominal is now sometimes used to denote a class that includes both nouns and adjectives.) Similarly, the Latin nōmen includes both nouns (substantives) and adjectives, as originally did the English word noun, the two types being distinguished as nouns substantive and nouns adjective (or substantive nouns and adjective nouns, or short substantives and adjectives). Because adjectives share these three grammatical categories, adjectives are placed in the same class as nouns. In Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, for example, nouns are categorized by gender and inflected for case and number. The word classes were defined partly by the grammatical forms that they take. The English word noun is derived from the Latin term, through the Anglo-Norman noun. All of these terms for "noun" were also words meaning "name". The term used in Latin grammar was nōmen.
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The Ancient Greek equivalent was ónoma (ὄνομα), referred to by Plato in the Cratylus dialog, and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in The Art of Grammar, attributed to Dionysius Thrax (2nd century BC). In Yāska's Nirukta, the noun ( nāma) is one of the four main categories of words defined. Word classes (parts of speech) were described by Sanskrit grammarians from at least the 5th century BC.